[Omeo33] Art 0425 - Homeopathy, 2003, 92 (4), 195-202

[Gino Santini]

Effects of homeopathic arsenic on tobacco plant resistance to tobacco  
mosaic virus.
Theoretical suggestions about system variability, based on a large  
experimental data set
L Betti, L Lazzarato, G Trebbi, M Brizzi, GL Calzoni, F Borghini and D  
Nani

Context: This research aimed at verifying the efficacy of homeopathic  
treatments by plant-based bioassays, which may be suitable for basic  
research, because they lack placebo effects and provide large datasets  
for statistical analyses.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of homeopathic treatments of  
arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on tobacco plants subjected to tobacco mosaic  
virus (TMV) inoculation as biotic stress.
Design: Blind, randomized experiment using tobacco leaf disks.
Materials and methods: Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivar  
Samsun) carrying the TMV resistance gene N. TMV inoculated leaf disks  
were floated for 3 days in the following:
• Distilled water (control)
• H2O 5 and 45 decimal and centesimal potencies
• As2O3 5 and 45 decimal and centesimal potencies
The main outcome measures is the number of hypersensitive lesions  
observed in a leaf disk.
Results: Homeopathic treatments of arsenic induce two effects on the  
plant: (i) increased resistance to TMV; (ii) decrease variability  
between experiments (system variability).
Conclusions: In this experimental model two actions of homeopathic  
treatment were detected: decrease in system variability and  
enhancement of the natural tendency of the system towards an  
‘equilibrium point’.

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